16” Spacing or 24” Spacing for Rafters?Ī rafter spacing of 16" is quite common in oriented strand board and plywood roofs. If the rafters are heavier, then 16” spacing is provided for rafters used in pergolas. Spacings of 12" and 16" are most commonly used.Ī spacing of 12" is used when the dead weight of the rafters is not heavy enough to cause problems. The standard spacing provided in pergolas ranges between 12” to 20”. Rafter spacing in pergolas varies with its dimensions and aesthetics. You need to fasten the metal plates to the roof rafters to provide support. While the manufacturer determines the metal panel width, the length depends upon the ridge-to-eave measurement. The common spacing for the rafters used in metal roofing is 16” or 24” in the center. Metal roofing for houses commonly uses aluminum or steel sheets. To determine the final size of a rafter, consider various factors such as loads, wood species, wood grade, the slope of a roof, and the location of the rafter. The size of a rafter is a measure of its width and depth, and the most common rafter sizes are 2x4, 2圆, 2x8, 2x10, and 2x12.Ģx4 rafters are more commonly used in residential construction. You can also calculate the rafter span with the American Wood Council's online calculator. Note that these values are for unattached ceilings with a 180-degree deflection. These tables are for dead loads of 10 psf and live loads of 20 psf with unattached ceilings. Once the rafter spacing is determined, the number of total rafters and their span can be calculated.Ī greater distance between two rafters allows them to span a shorter length.Ī Douglas fir-larch, SS grade 2圆 rafter spans 18’ with 12” spacing, while it only spans 14’-4” with 24” spacing. Rafter spacing is an essential parameter of roof design. The typical on-center spacing provided in the International Residential Code (IRC) 2021 includes spacings of 12”, 16”, 19.2”, and 24”. Rafter spacing is the distance between the centers of two consecutive parallel rafters. ![]() Roof Rafter Spacing, Span, and Sizing Requirements Roof Rafter Configuration. For a particular span, rafter spacing distance can vary based on the species of lumber, grade, and load conditions. The International Residential Code (IRC) 2021 specifies roof rafter spacings of 12", 16", 19.2", and 24".The common sizes for rafters include 2x4, 2圆, 2x8, 2x10, and 2x12. Rafters act as support for roofs of houses, sheds, porches, cabins, and garages.
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![]() The first children's character written by Frances Hodgson Burnett, Little Lord Fauntleroy enjoyed an stylized popularity among both children and adult readers. The biographies are well written and give you a sense of the characters of the illustrators, as well as stylized useful information on technique. I recommend this author to anyonewho likes "whodunnit" stories. it even gave me an another appreciation of US Charcters railroading culture. Find out how Damian reacts to this situation, because he thought as the youngest child it was his birthright. ![]() ![]() The one I ordered was new, obviously a reprint, but the price was a little higher since I purchased my others many years ago. He has been an outspoken advocate for Sttlized justice reform and has written and lectured on issues related to special Crating, foster care, and literacy. Los Angeles is the city where our main girl, Cassidy, is living when the EMP hits. With marvelous illustrations and an adorable porcupine, HAMLET AND THE MAGNIFICENT SANDCASTLE comes very highly recommended. Characters Creating Stylized Characters Creating Stylized 1909414743 978-1909414 Sailing inside the protective minefields the convoys had little room for manoeuvre or to take evasive action. Dominick referred to himself as an observant outsider that Characters fits his style very well. From the End of the Latin Kingdom to the Present time) Jerusalem, Liturgy of John of Antioch John Scholasticus John Talaia John the Faster Julius Africanus Justinian I Kyrie Eleison.Total Depreciation, Trading Profit, Intangible Assets, Intermediate Assets, Fixed Assets: Structures, Fixed Assets: Character E, Fixed Assets: Misc. Within Teaching Kids About Money, youll discover: 7 creates to setting up a stylized system Creatihg teach your creates the real value of money. 48 The book is well made, The illustrations are cute, but not caricature-y. All the other reviews are a good indication as to the quality of the book. Jude Deveraux's Edilean Series is so much fun to read. He discovers that a faceless group of mercenaries are stalking and killing the troopers. They have stains on some pages look like coffee stains to be exact. By simply following their characters, my children are now motivated to do chores around the home and make their own money to buy their own things. Creating Stylized Characters in Arts and Photography pdf books Creating Stylized Characters Stylized Characters Creating Hardball is appropriately name for a key element in the story of the create and disappearance of stylized rights workers in the 1960's. Im a little OCD when it comes to brand new items because I like to keep them as nice as possible so it was disappointing have it come already beat up a bit.But like I said the books design and content are fantastic. The cover has a crease straight down the front. But unlike the first post mine didnt come in a box but rather an envelope and as a result the cover and a number of pages were bent and dog-eared. Like the first post it has to do with the shipping. ![]() Id happily recommend this book to anyone.The only negative has nothing to with the book itself. I am absolutely thrilled with the book! The content is top notch and is better than I had hoped. Any budding artist will soon be able to draw characters of all ages, shapes and sizes! This entertaining, beginner-friendly book is applicable to both digital and traditional media, and delves into many essential aspects of the character development process, from real-world research, to sketching gestures and poses, to exploring different genres, personalities and styles. Professional illustrators, animators and cartoonists, well versed in creating characters for video games, comics and film, guide the reader through accessible tutorial projects packed with images and advice. Creating Stylized Characters by 3dtotal Publishing Ebook Creating Stylized Characters currently available for review only, if you need complete ebook Creating Stylized Characters please fill out registration form to access in our databases Download here > Paperback: 248 pages Publisher: 3dtotal Publishing (July 10, 2018) Language: English ISBN-10: 1909414743 ISBN-13: 978-1909414747 Product Dimensions:8.2 x 0.8 x 10.2 inches ISBN10 1909414743 ISBN13 978-1909414 Download here > Description: Creating Stylized Characters gives readers a valuable insight into the popular art of character design. ![]() Or certainly using SkechtList 3D – given integrated reports and all it offers. I might be more happy using some basic drawing program to make boxes on the screen. But be prepared to invest the time to learn it. I’d say if you need CAD to design some real complex carving or three dimensional part – you probably should use some sort of a CAD product. SketchUp is a general design tool – CAD – that was marketed at woodworkers. The video went on to make doors in which the rails and stiles were no more than lines – again – pulled out into a third dimension of a block as if 2 rails and 2 stiles exist as one molded part. No consideration that it’s pretty hard to buy a 12-foot sheet of plywood. Process? The ‘parts’ go into the SketchUp design as flat rectangles waiting to be pulled into the third dimension. How do you think the two designs compare in quality? (Sure the author hadn’t finished ‘coloring’ them. SketchUp is really a CAD/engineering type program in cabinet design software clothing. Now maybe the author isn’t a woodworker but more of a CAD expert so we can’t fault him. ![]() SketchList 3D image is on the left and shows wood grain and transparent glass shelves.Įach part is a separate board and can be moved, re-sized, and changed easily. The image shows the same bookcase design from both software packages. ![]() Not at least in my shop! Can’t even carry it in! One video I saw had an entertainment center 12 feet long created with a 12 foot by 6 foot by 3-foot block of white material with its middle parts hallowed out! ProblemsĬan’t make that in the shop for many reasons. I didn’t believe it way back then and I don’t believe it now. How can the blogger community go on and on about how great SketchUp is for woodworkers. So I started looking at YouTube videos of people using SketchUp. Well I’ve been busy and never really looked back until the folks at Rockler asked for a comparison between the two cabinet drawing software tools. Honestly, I couldn’t figure out SketchUp at all.Īnd over the years I have received tons of emails from people who have that same experience. In fact, that was one reason I decided to start SketchList. I looked at SketchUp for cabinet design as a tool before I started SketchList. ![]() Anyone who uses it can almost immediately determine the intent of a caller. Whitepages helps me when I am searching for people to update their contact information at work. 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I'd say give everything inside and out of the ride a fresh paint job (maybe even add some new colors to certain aspects) and tone up the lighting by a ton. Florida is overtly-colorful, but at the same time, much of this is lost due to the dim lighting. Hong Kong, Disneyland, and Paris all have the distinct "gift" of being brightly-lit and overtly-colorful. I feel they just detract from the overall feel of the ride.Īlso, I once talked with for suggestions of what he would do to improve the classic ride, and he told me this: "The major problem with the Florida version is that the lighting is far too dark. ![]() In addition, I don't want to add in the Disney characters like Hong Kong and California do. A path in-between "small world" and the Village Haus serves as a new Cast Member entrance. In fact, the loading area should be at the point where the building for the Village Haus ends. I should say, with this expansion, the ride building should be at the same mark as the backsides of the Beauty and the Beast/Little Mermaid areas of Fantasyland (which we'll get to later). This means that the Pinocchio Village Haus' windows won't look down at the loading area. The entire ride building will be re-built from the ground up. First of all, For this new version of the ride, I was heavily inspired by the Paris and Hong Kong versions. Now, before we get to the ride-through, I'd like to go over a few things regarding this new version on a Disney classic. This cruise is naturally the one and only "it's a small world", Walt Disney's cherished and beloved classic from the 1964 New York World's Fair. With our adventure on Peter Pan's Flight having come to an end, we then decide to head across the cobblestone streets to take off on an in-depth musical cruise around the world accompanied by seemingly thousands of children, toys, and animals from and representing nearly every nation. 93AKI version will under normal conditions develop 15-20WHP and 15-20ft/lbs of torque. Typical performance increase is 10-15WHP and 10-15ft/lbs of torque on 91AKI with software alone. All emissions control systems remain active on US spec versions of the software. Software available for both US and European specification cars. Viezu uses a range of ECU tuning software to ensure we create the best possible custom remap for you and your vehicle, all of which are developed in-house on our dyno. The ESS E-Flash system can also be used to load software for ESS supercharger systems should you ever decide to upgrade to one of these. This system can be used to program between stock and tuned, and it can also be used to load custom files/race fuel files/updates received from ESS over email. The software is compatible with performance cat-back exhaust systems. Reprogrammed ignition, VANOS, and fuel parameters for optimum operation Finding the best OBD2 Automotive Tuning Software for your automobile requires knowing the differences between the available options.8400RPM limit, higher available as custom order.ESS E-Flash also includes full engine diagnostic functionality and code clearing capabilities. Any future updates or changes in modifications can easily be accommodated through an emailed update. The end user can select between tuned and stock software versions simply using the E-Flash system to load whatever version is required. ![]() ![]() The ESS MSS65 S85 software is developed and tested in extreme heat in the Arizona desert as well as extreme cold temperatures in Scandinavia. ESS E-Flash MSS65 ECU software is a result of extensive testing and exact calibration of ECU parameters to allow increased performance on either a stock car or in combination with other modifications. ![]() Firstly, Ghost 9.0 works only with Windows XP and 2000 Pro (SP2 or newer), although its retail package includes a separate copy of DOS-based Ghost 2003 for Windows 95/98 users. These are all good standard features to have.īut there are a few caveats. Ghost 9.0 also works with USB, USB 2.0, and FireWire removable storage devices, as well as with CD and DVD writers, and it offers optional password protection, easily configurable via the Drive Backup Wizard. Its crowning glory, borrowed from Drive Image, is the ability to create disk images without leaving Windows, a major improvement over Ghost 2003's awkward approach of rebooting into DOS to run backup and restore jobs. Norton Ghost 9.0 blends the best of version 2003 and PowerQuest Drive Image into a solid backup utility. Once again, however, True Image does it better by providing several schedule options not found in Ghost, including the ability to run backups when you first log on to Windows or when your PC starts or shuts down-the only times when your Windows system files are available to be copied. Now you can schedule one-time, weekly, or monthly backups in the Backup Job Wizard by setting a day and time (for example, Sunday at 10 a.m.) and letting Ghost run unattended. ![]() One of Version 9.0's best upgrades is its new backup scheduler, a must-have tool that was surprisingly absent from Ghost 2003. By comparison, Acronis True Image estimates the file size for each compression choice and gives you a ballpark figure of the time it'll take to perform a given backup. Does a medium archive take longer to compress? What's the file size of a standard backup? For answers, you'll have to search the help file or manual. The Drive Backup Wizard, for instance, lists three backup options (standard, medium, or high compression) but doesn't explain the pros and cons of each. According to Symantec tech support, there's no way to delete the tray icon. It's very easy, but we have one gripe: Ghost drops an icon in Windows' Taskbar tray, a narrow corner of screen space that's often jam-packed with too many icons. A helpful setup wizard steps you through the basics-a few mouse clicks and you're done-before automatically rebooting your computer. Norton Ghost 9.0 installs in just a few minutes. Norton Ghost 9.0 is best for upgraders everyone else should choose Acronis True Image. But while Ghost 9.0 shows great promise, its backup and overall performance speed still lags behind that of Acronis True Image 8.0, a product that also offers more features for the same price. Version 9.0's predecessor, Norton Ghost 2003, forced you to reboot and load DOS before running a backup, a clunky design that made Windows inaccessible until the backup was complete. ![]() Ghost 9.0 now lets you make a duplicate "image" of your hard drive's contents-copying all the files, programs, and settings-by incorporating technology from Drive Image, an imaging tool that Symantec acquired when it purchased PowerQuest Corporation in 2003. In the event it is necessary to restore data, users can choose to restore the entire system or just specific files or folders.Symantec's Norton Ghost 9.0 takes a major leap forward by allowing Windows XP and 2000 users to create byte-by-byte hard disk backups-useful for mirroring standard software configurations across new office desktops-without rebooting their PC or leaving Windows. Once an initial image of a hard drive is completed, users can make future backups incrementally - updating only the files and information that have changed rather than backing up the entire hard drive again. Users also benefit by saving valuable time and storage space with Norton Ghost's incremental backup and restore feature. Imaging takes place in the background without interruption, allowing users to continue work on their system as the backup takes place. With Norton Ghost, users can now create backup images without restarting their computer or exiting Windows through the product's hot imaging technology. Enhanced with Drive Image technology, which Symantec obtained through the acquisition of PowerQuest Corporation, Norton Ghost offers consumers the ultimate solution in data storage and protection with a complete, reliable, quick and easy way to backup system files, programs, settings, documents and other important data. ![]() Norton Ghost is a comprehensive disk imaging solution for home and small office users. ![]() When prices increase, those customers may become dissatisfied and stop purchasing the product or service, or find another lower price competitor. If a company uses penetration pricing, customers may begin to expect permanently low prices for that product or service. Karena mampu menerapkan harga yang rendah di dalam proses pemasaran, penetration pricing memungkinkan suatu produk atau jasa bisa lebih mudah dan cepat diterima oleh pelanggan. Penetration pricing also allows companies to gain a large majority of market share before their competitors can react. Therefore, penetration pricing is not recommended as a long-term pricing strategy for any business. Penetration pricing is a great way to gain market share quickly, but if you do not have a lot of cash on hand then you might find yourself insolvent before you become established in the market. However, this is not a guarantee, and sometimes customers could remain a financial drain. The hope is that these customers will grow loyal to the product or brand, and buy-in to any upsells or cross-selling. The first advantage of penetration pricing is attracting a quick influx of new customers who see the value of the product, and feel they’re getting a good deal. Penetration pricing has a few advantages, but there are some important potential pitfalls to consider as well. Another potential disadvantage is that the low-profit margins may not be sustainable long enough for the strategy to be effective.Advantages and pitfalls of a penetration pricing strategy Both can make it difficult to raise prices later. The main disadvantage of penetration pricing is that it establishes long-term price expectations for the product and image preconceptions for the brand and company. It can generate high stock turnover throughout the distribution channel, which creates important enthusiasm and support in the channel.It discourages the entry of competitors.It establishes cost-control and cost-reduction pressures from the start, leading to greater efficiency.Experts define penetration pricing as a pricing tactic used quickly to gain market share by setting a low price for products initially, aimed at enticing customers. The aim of penetration pricing is to attract a loyal customer base through offering the most competitive price in the market and undercutting rivals and well-known brands. It can create goodwill among the Innovators and Early Adopters, which can generate more demand via word of mouth. Market penetration pricing strategy is a promotion technique used by firms to attract new customers to a new product or service. Penetration pricing is a strategy used by a firm who wishes to enter a new market and gain a high market share through selling at a low price. Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy where the price of a product is initially set low to rapidly reach a wide fraction of the market and initiate word of mouth.It is a very common strategy that new incumbents adapt in a market. The seller may sell the product at a loss to gain market share from established players in the market. There are two options for accomplishing this. Market penetration pricing is defined as offering a product or service at a lower cost to achieve a greater market share in a particular market segment. An effective penetration strategy ensures that a company not only gains customers for a single transaction, but also keeps them as long-term customers. The strategy can achieve high market penetration rates quickly, taking competitors by surprise and not giving them time to react. Penetration Pricing works by presenting an initial price that is significantly lower than the market’s going rate. It can result in fast diffusion and adoption across the product life cycle. an approach to pricing in which a manufacturer sets a relatively low price for a product in the introductory stage of its life cycle with the intention of building market share.The advantages of penetration pricing to the firm are the following: Like skim pricing, penetration pricing shows an awareness of the dynamics in the product life cycle. Why Might Penetration Pricing Make Sense? Penetration pricing offers a lower price in order to draw in higher demand from consumers. If the initial price is set low, at $2, for instance, the quantity demanded will be high: 400 units. Returning to our economic model, below, you can see that penetration pricing focuses at the bottom of the demand curve. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with marketing objectives of enlarging market share and exploiting economies of scale or experience. The strategy works on the assumption that customers will switch to the new product because of the lower price. Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy in which the price of a product is initially set low to rapidly reach a wide fraction of the market and initiate word of mouth. 206 Reading: Penetration Pricing What Is Penetration Pricing? ![]() This function return dict in normal and exception mode. This function print ASCII text in normal mode (return None) and raise artError in exception. > Art = text2art ( "art" ) # Return ASCII text (default font) and default chr_ignore=True > print ( Art ) _ _ _ _ _ | |_ / _` || '_|| _| | (_| || | | |_ \_,_||_| \_| > Art = text2art ( "art", font = 'block', chr_ignore = True ) # Return ASCII text with block font > print ( Art ). This function return ASCII text as str in normal mode and raise artError in exception. ⚠️ From Version 5.3 \n is used as the default line separator instead of \r\n (Use sep parameter if needed) 1. ⚠️ From Version 3.3 Non-ASCII fonts added (These fonts are not compatible with some environments) ⚠️ Some fonts don't support all characters Note3 : Use ASCII_ARTS to access all ASCII arts name list (new in Version 5.7).Note2 : Use NON_ASCII_ARTS to access all Non-ASCII arts name list (new in Version 4.6). ![]()
This is a bug that will need to be addressed by the devs. I’ve witnessed that when many symmetric constraints are used in the same sketch, it can lock up elements that are not fully constrained. The Sketcher is still very young, v0.13 is only the second stable release which includes it. Symmetric constraint is very useful but should be used sparingly in the sketch. If the objects are not joined, select the endpoints of each then apply the tangent constraint: this will join the points together and apply the tangency at the same time. ![]() With arcs and circles joined to lines or other arcs and circles, always make sure they are tangent by applying You can apply the equality constraint to arcs and circles, this will apply to their radii. For example, rather than dimensioning two lines that share the same length, apply theĮquality constraint between them - in case you need to change their size, you’ll only have one dim to change, not two. You should always prioritize the geometric constraints. To the left of the separator are the geometric constraints, to the right the dimensional constraints. I am using the development release of FreeCAD, I know the order of the icons was changed, but I don’t remember if that change was done for the stable release or after that. This is the Sketcher constraints toolbar. When you hover over the icons, a tooltip will appear. To use constraints you need to select a sketch object first. Locking down degrees of freedom is done by applying constraints. But I don’t quite understand how I should be locking down the degrees of freedom within the sketch. |
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